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Languages

- system of visual, auditory, or tactile symbols of communication and the rules used to manipulate them. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon. Though commonly used as a means of communication among people, human language is only one instance of this phenomenon - Wikipedia.

Linguistics

- scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist. Theoretical (or general) linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields, such as the study of language structure (grammar) and meaning (semantics). The study of grammar encompasses morphology (formation and alteration of words) and syntax (the rules that determine the way words combine into phrases and sentences). Also a part of this field are phonology, the study of sound systems and abstract sound units, and phonetics, which is concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds (phones), non-speech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived.

Linguistics compares languages (comparative linguistics) and explores their histories, in order to find universal properties of language and to account for its development and origins (historical linguistics). Applied linguistics puts linguistic theories into practice in areas such as foreign language teaching, speech therapy, translation, and speech pathology - Wikipedia.

Computational Linguistics

Tokyo University (JP), OpenCourseWare

overview of natural language processing in Japanese and English, processing of text, natural language processing based on linguistics, analysis of morpheme, larger linguistic units, statistical processing & applications such as information retrieval and extraction, summarization, machine translation, and search inquiry

Introduction to Philosophy of Language

MIT OpenCourseWare (US)

nature of meaning, reference, truth, and their relationships, relationships between language and logic, language and knowledge, language and reality, language and acts performed through its use: readings, course download

Language Resources

Word2Word (US)

breaking down language barriers and assisting users who have the desire to learn a language, a need to communicate between languages and for those who work with languages as a profession: online dictionaries & translators, free online language courses

Introduction to the Study of Language

California University (US)

examines nature of language, how science of linguistics analyzes language data, how language is acquired & interacts with human biology & psychology, specific examples of linguistic argumentation & experiments presented & discussed: links

Language and Mind

Connecticut University (US)

linguistic knowledge, constituent structure, transformational syntax, universal grammar in the visual modality: handout, study guides

Psychology of Language

Glasgow University (UK)

introduction to psycholinguistics, basic units of language, neuropsychology of language, language development/acquisition, non-human language

Language and Mind

Maryland University (US)

overview, homework, readings, lectures (language as instinct, 2 types of grammar, animal language, speech production, perception & development, how sounds are memorized, words, mental dictionary, sentences, structural relations, language acquisition, principles & parameters, learning verb syntax, two-year olds' words & sentences, sentence production), resources

Psycholinguistics

MIT OpenCourseWare (US)

central topics in language processing, structure of language, sentence, discourse, morphological processing, storage & access of words in mental dictionary, speech processing, relationship between computational resources available in working memory & language processing mechanism, ambiguity resolution, computational & connectionist models, language & thought, issues in language acquisition, critical period phenomena, acquisition of speech & words, experimental methodologies: readings, course download

Introduction to Linguistics

MIT OpenCourseWare (US)

basic questions about the nature of human language, intricate system that governs language, how it is acquired, the similarities and differences among languages, and how spoken (and signed) language relates to written language: Readings, Recitations, Assignments, Projects, Study Materials, Related Resources, Course Download

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